Zenon Papyrus, 259 BCE

Zenon Papyrus, 259 BCE   Zenon Papyrus One of the most valuable sources of information about conditions in Palestine in the middle of the third century is the correspondence of Zenon, an official of the finance minister Apollonius who served under Ptolemy II....

Yehud Coin 3, 4th century BCE

Yehud Coin 3, 4th century BCE   Obverse- Bearded male bust in three quarters to right wearing crested helmet. Reverse- Bearded male divinity seated to right on winged wheel, holding a falcon on his extended left; in lower right field, mask to left; above, Aramaic...

The Glory of Susa, c. 500 BCE

The Glory of Susa, c. 500 BCE   The glory of Susa- glazed brick wall decorations from the palace of Darius the Great, c. 500 BCE. Griffons under the winged disc of Ahura Mazda, the god of Wisdom. Lower- The frieze of archers of the Persian royal guard, the...

The Yehawmilk Stele, c. 450 BCE

The Yehawmilk Stele, c. 450 BCE   Phoenicia, Byblos, Lebanon Conchitic limestone H. 1.14 m; W. 0.55 m; Th. 0.26 m The Yehawmilk Stele was discovered in 1869. It is a 14-line inscription in Phoenician. Yehawmilk, the king of Gubal, ancient Byblos, dedicated this...

Contract from Elephantine, 451 BCE

Contract from Elephantine, 451 BCE   One of the Aramaic papyri found in the Jewish mercenary colony of Elephantine in Egypt. The date appears on the top of the document- the 20th of Sivan, in the year 24 of Artaxerxes, King of Persia (July 6, 451 BCE). This...

Elephantine Ostraca, early 5th century BCE

Elephantine Ostraca, early 5th century BCE   Two hundred and fifty ostraca were recovered during French excavations between 1906 and 1908 at Elephantine, an island in the Nile near the First Cataract. The ostraca date to about the early fifth century B.C.E. and...