Clifford’s Tower, York

Clifford’s Tower, York     At the foot of Clifford’s Tower a plaque marks the darkest chapter in the history of York’s Jewish community. On March 16th, 1190 a wave of anti-Semitic riots culminated in the massacre of an estimated 150 Jews – the entire Jewish...

Jews and the Crusades

The Crusades were never called against Jews; they were called against Muslims. There was a group of Crusaders for whom the unstable combination implodes. Prof. Robert Chazan, New York University

Popular Violence

Popular Violence   The attacks of 1096 represent something a turning point in the history of anti- Jewish persecution. Whereas the instances of Jewish suffering in antiquity all stem from the actions of duly empowered governments—like those of Babylonia, Seleucid...