by hadassah | Jan 23, 2024 | Communal Organization
Emperor Fredrick II Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. What do you want to know? Ask our AI widget and get...
by hadassah | Jan 23, 2024 | Communal Organization
Emperor Fredrick I 13th-century stained glass image of Frederick I, Strasbourg Cathedral. By © Ralph Hammann – Wikimedia Commons – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14571718 At Strasbourg, Frederick imposed a...
by hadassah | Jan 23, 2024 | Communal Organization
King Louis VII of France King of France from 1137 to 1180. In 1144, Louis banished from the kingdom those Jews who had been converted to Christianity and had later returned to Judaism. In 1146, Louis authorized the Jews to return to Sens, from where they had...
by hadassah | Jan 23, 2024 | Communal Organization
Emperor Henry IV Henry IV (German: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105. The Jews of Speyer approached him for the confirmation of their rights that had been granted by Bishop Rüdiger Huzmann. He summarized...
by hadassah | Sep 24, 2015 | Communal Organization
Seal-stamp for unleavened bread, 14th century Catalonia Gilded metal, 14th century, Catalonia (copy of the original in the Museum of l’Espluga de Francolí). Bears an inscription in Hebrew meaning “For seven days eat matzot in peace.” To be...
by hadassah | Apr 27, 2008 | Communal Organization
Communal Organization: Taxation, Discipline and Courts The organized Jewish communal structures bore heavy responsibility for life within the Jewish enclaves. The role of government in medieval Europe was minimal, confined to protection from outside assault,...
