Exodus 1: 8 “Now a new king arose over Egypt, who did not know Joseph.” Mummy of Ramesses the Great Exodus 14:23 “The Egyptians pursued them, and all Pharaoh’s horses and chariots and horsemen followed them into the sea.” Battle of Kadesh, Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel The Battle of Kadesh […]
Numbers 33:5-7: “The Israelites set out from Rameses… and they encamped at Migdol.” Slaves Escaping into Sinai Are Seen at Migdol, Papyrus Anastasi V, c. 1250 BCE: “I was sent forth from the broad halls of the palace… following after two slaves. When I reached the fortress, they told me that the scout had come […]
Exodus 12:15: “Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread…” Egyptian leavened bread from the Tomb of Kha, 1351 BCE, Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy
Exodus 5:18: Pharaoh: “So go now and work; for you will be given no straw, yet you must deliver the quota of bricks.” Wall painting from the Tomb of Rekhmire, 15th Century BC Papyrus Anastasi IV, 1250 BC: “. . . and there are neither men to make bricks nor straw.” British Museum […]
Was there a man called Moses, and if so, when did he live? Exodus 7:7: “Moses was eighty years old and Aaron was eighty-three, when they spoke to Pharaoh.” Deuteronomy 34:7: “Although Moses was one hundred and twenty years old when he died, his eye was not dim, nor his vigor abated.” Working backwards from […]
The first extra-biblical evidence of Israelites being in the land of Canaan exists on the enormous victory stele of the Egyptian king Merneptah. The Pharaoh Merneptah, son of Ramesses II, The Great, writes (Reading from right to left): “Canaan is plundered with every evil way. Ashkelon is conquered and brought away captive, Gezer seized…Israel is […]
Deuteronomy 26:5-10: “My father was a fugitive Aramean. He went down to Egypt with meager numbers and sojourned there; but there he became a great and very populous nation. The Egyptians dealt harshly with us and oppressed us; they imposed heavy labor upon us. We cried to the Lord, the God of our fathers, and […]
March 31, 1492, The Edict of the Expulsion of Jews from Spain: “…they have had means and ways they can to subvert and to steal faithful Christians from our holy Catholic faith…carrying to them and giving to them from their houses unleavened bread and meats ritually slaughtered…” Alhambra Decree or Edict of Expulsion
The Jewish-Roman historian Titus Flavius Josephus (Joseph ben Matiyahu) was born in Jerusalem in the year 33 CE. He fought in the first Jewish-Roman War (66-73 CE) as a commander of Jewish forces in the Galilee, but defected to the Romans in 67 CE. In 68 CE, he predicted Vespasian would become Emperor and subsequently […]
Instructions from Jerusalem for Celebrating Passover in 419 BCE in the Persian Controlled Province of Judea In 419 BCE, a man named Hananyah, a Jew who was a representative of the Persian government, wrote a letter to Yedonyah bar Gemaryah, the leader of the Jewish community in Elephantine. Hananyah, having been sent on a mission […]