Hochschule, Berlin.

Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin.

The great success of the late twentieth-century “nonrabbinic Judaism” movement has been the general acknowledgement that the Jewish world in late antiquity was indeed complex, and that classical rabbinic sources only convey some of that complexity.

This said, visual sources provide little evidence for a religion that was greatly removed from that of the rabbinic literature of late Roman and Byzantine Palestine.