Ruhama Bonfil, “Map of Jewish Settlement in High Medieval Northern Europe,” in Tzafrir Barzilay, “Movement, Geography, and Rabbinic Culture in High Medieval Northern Europe,” Religions 15, no. 1 (2024). CC BY 4.0.

Jewish settlements in northern Europe during the thirteenth century. Communities extended across England, northern France and the German-speaking regions, with major centers of Jewish learning in cities including Paris, Troyes, Mainz, Worms and Speyer.