In the following letter, the authenticity of which is uncertain, Julian the Apostate purports to offer to the Jews numerous privileges and tax abatements. If authentic, this letter would represent Julian’s attempt to garner support from the Jewish masses after his plan to rebuild the Temple was coldly received by the Jewish leadership.

In times past, by far the most burdensome thing in the yoke of your slavery has been the fact that you were subjected to unauthorized ordinances and had to contribute an untold amount of money to the accounts of the treasury. Of this I used to see many instances with my own eyes, and I have learned more, by finding the records which are preserved against you. Moreover, when a tax was about to be levied against you again I prevented it, and compelled the impiety of such obloquy to cease here; and I threw into the fire the records against you that were stored in my desks, so that it is no longer possible for anyone to aim at you such a reproach of impiety. My brother Constantius⁸⁵ of honored memory was not so much responsible for these wrongs of yours as were the men who used to frequent his table,⁸⁶ barbarians in mind, godless in soul. These I seized with my own hands and put them to death by thrusting them into the pit, that not even memory of their destruction might still linger amongst us. And since I wish that you should prosper yet more, I have admonished my brother Julus, your most venerable patriarch,⁸⁷ that the levy which is said to exist among you should be prohibited, and that no one is any longer to have the power to oppress the masses of your people by such exactions; so that everywhere, during my reign, you may have security of mind, and in the enjoyment of peace may offer more fervid prayers for my reign to the Most High God, the Creator, who has deigned to crown me with his own immaculate right hand. For it is natural that men who are distracted by any anxiety should be hampered in spirit, and should not have so much confidence in raising their hands to pray; but that those who are in all respects free from care should rejoice with their whole hearts and offer their suppliant prayers on behalf of my imperial office to the Mighty God, even to him who is able to direct my reign to the noblest ends, according to my purpose. This you ought to do, in order that, when I have successfully concluded the war with Persia, I may rebuild by my own efforts the sacred city of Jerusalem, which for so many years you have longed to see inhabited, and may bring settlers there, and, together with you, may glorify the Most High God therein.

84. Trans. W. C. Wright, The Works of the Emperor Julian, The Letters of Julian (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), vol. 3, pp. 177–81.

85. Constantius II, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from 337–61.

86. His advisors.

87. Apparently referring to the Patriarch Hillel II (320–65 C.E.).

88. Referring to the collection of the half-shekel for the support of the patriarchate.