1860 Zionism

“Modern Zionism began with the prophetic-programmatic writings of Moses Hess (1812-1875), Judah Alkalai (1798-1878), Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795-1874) and Leon Pinsker (1821-1891) and the immigration from Russia to Ottoman-ruled Palestine in the 1880s of Jews dedicated to rebuilding a national home for the Jewish people on their ancient land, the Land of Israel, in Zionist parlance. The immigrants were impelled both by the positive ideal of Zionism and by the negative experience of oppression in Eastern Europe; a wave of pogroms had engulfed Russia following the assassination of Czar Alexander II in March 1881.

Source: Morris, Benny. The Birth of The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited.